LogiPass personality exams
Conceptions of Traits:
A trait indicates a continuous way in which an individual differs from others. The concept developed from the everyday language in which people describe others—for example, in matchmaking ads. A personality trait is a consistent pattern in the way an individual behaves, feels, and thinks. It allows us to summarize a great deal of information in one word, to predict behavior, and to explain it. There are many theories, each presenting different variables central to personality assessment. But since each theory relies on subjective assumptions, there is no single reference point that allows for comparison between them.In an attempt to solve this problem, there was a need to build a taxonomic model (a classification framework) that would organize personality structures and identify areas of overlap. One proposed solution (Allport) relies on the largest accumulated knowledge base in culture—the English language—and is called the Basic Lexical Hypothesis.
The assumption is that language includes an implicit theory of personality: the characteristics most important for identifying other people (in order to predict behavior—survival value) are those that have survived the “evolution” of language and therefore appear prominently in it. Language analysis reveals the behaviors and characteristics that culture considers most significant.
The Big Five Model:
The model is based on theories and research accumulated over several decades, such as Eysenck's two-factor model, and the research of Fiske (1949), Goldberg (1981), and Costa and McCrae (1987). In the 1980s, two independent research groups entered the field, seeking personality dimensions using factor analysis: Costa and McCrae (from the National Health Center) and Norman from the University of Michigan together with Goldberg from the University of Oregon. Although their research roots were different, all arrived at similar results: most human traits can be grouped into five personality dimensions, regardless of language or culture. This model is known as the Big Five. There is broad agreement among personality researchers that these are the major traits:
1. OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE – Willingness to explore and learn new things.
The tendency to actively seek experiences for their own sake; relates to imagination, sensitivity, internal awareness, preference for variety, curiosity, and creativity.
Examined through hobbies and activities.
Represents a spectrum from conservatism to curiosity.
2. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS – Willingness to work hard, honor commitments, and focus on goals.
Relates to reliability, morality, diligence, and thoroughness.
Individuals high in this trait are organized, responsible, self-disciplined, and often high achievers.
3. EXTRAVERSION – Sociable, assertive, and active.
Combines social tendencies and temperament; measures the strength and quality of interpersonal interaction.
Extraverts are energetic, optimistic, talkative, and enjoy working with people.
4. AGREEABLENESS – Kind, cooperative, and caring toward others.
Relates to altruism, warmth, trust, and helpfulness.
Individuals high in this trait are pleasant, empathetic, and effective in service-oriented roles.
5. NEUROTICISM (now referred to as EMOTIONAL STABILITY) –
Reflects emotional style and stress response.
Measures vulnerability to distress as well as adaptability.
Emotionally stable individuals are confident, calm, and resilient.
The model gained popularity and is supported by factor analyses of trait terms in spoken language (the Basic Lexical Hypothesis).
For example, when people were asked to rate themselves and others on various traits, the same five factors repeatedly emerged.
Evolutionary theory also supports the model, as each factor contributes to survival or reproduction.
Goldberg argued that in every social interaction, we implicitly ask five questions—one for each factor.
Later, Costa and McCrae developed the well-known NEO personality inventory.
A revised version, the NEO-PI-R, introduced six facets (sub-traits) under each of the Big Five.
Although the dimensions are theoretically independent, analyses show correlations between some of the facets.
In recent years, research suggests that the Big Five can be grouped into two higher-order factors:
1. Alpha / Stability factor – Emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness.
Represents traits that help an individual function effectively in social environments.
2. Beta / Flexibility factor – Openness to experience and extraversion.
Represents traits associated with personal growth and adaptability.
Bibliography:
Janada, L.H. (2009). Psychological Tests: Theory and Practice. Hebrew edition edited by Beit-Marom, R., & Levitan, G. Published by the Open University. Gregory, R.J. (1992). Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Applications, 2nd Edition.
Dr. Merav Hami, a psychologist, graduate of an occupational track, serves as the professional director and heads the development team of the system since its establishment. Merav's doctorate researches how intelligence is expressed in everyday life. During its writing, she developed a unique questionnaire that examines how our intelligence is expressed in practice.
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